Biology H Benchmark II Review

Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

____	1.	Energy is required for a variety of life processes including
a.	growth and reproduction.	
b.	movement.	
c.	transport of certain materials across cell membranes.	
d.	All of the above	

____	2.	Heterotrophs are organisms that can
a.	produce food from inorganic molecules and sunlight.	
b.	survive without energy.	
c.	consume other organisms for energy.	
d.	carry out either photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.	

____	3.	Based on the cycle of photosynthesis and cellular respiration, one can say that the ultimate original source of energy for all living things on Earth is
a.	carbohydrates.	c.	the sun.	
b.	water.	d.	carbon dioxide.	

____	4.	electrons : chemical bonds ::
a.	heterotrophs : autotrophs	c.	chemical energy : sun	
b.	sunlight : plants	d.	nuclei : atoms	

____	5.	biochemical pathway : energy ::
a.	barrier : reaction	c.	carrier : protein	
b.	match : burn	d.	assembly line : workers	

____	6.	The sun is considered the ultimate source of energy for life on Earth because
a.	all organisms carry out photosynthesis.	
b.	all organisms carry out cellular respiration.	
c.	either photosynthetic organisms or organisms that have eaten them provide energy for all other organisms on Earth.	
d.	the sun heats the Earth's atmosphere.	

____	7.	What happens when a chlorophyll molecule absorbs a photon of light?
a.	Some of its electrons are raised to a higher energy level.	
b.	It disintegrates, giving off huge amounts of heat.	
c.	It glows, radiating green light and giving the plant a green appearance.	
d.	Red and blue wavelengths are emitted.	

____	8.	NADP+ is important in photosynthesis because it
a.	becomes oxidized to form NADP.	
b.	is needed to form chlorophyll.	
c.	provides additional oxygen atoms.	
d.	carries hydrogen atoms and energy for producing organic molecules.	

____	9.	As a result of photosynthesis,
a.	our atmosphere is now rich in oxygen gas.	
b.	animals can get energy directly from the sun.	
c.	plants convert chlorophyll into protein channels.	
d.	abundant quantities of carbon dioxide are available to fuel the Calvin cycle.	

____	10.	During the third stage of photosynthesis, carbon-containing molecules are produced from
a.	ADP.	
b.	carbon atoms, hydrogen atoms, and oxygen atoms from glucose.	
c.	carbon atoms from carbon dioxide in the air and hydrogen atoms from water.	
d.	carbon atoms from carbon dioxide in the air and hydrogen atoms from NADPH.	

____	11.	The dark reactions of photosynthesis
a.	require ATP and NADPH.	
b.	can occur in both light and dark conditions.	
c.	generate glucose.	
d.	All of the above	

____	12.	All organic molecules contain carbon atoms that ultimately can be traced back in the food chain to
a.	the bodies of heterotrophs.	
b.	carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.	
c.	water absorbed by plants.	
d.	the carbon that comes from the sun.	

____	13.	Which of the following cannot be produced from the products of the Calvin cycle?
a.	carbohydrates	
b.	lipids	
c.	proteins	
d.	All of the above can be produced from Calvin cycle products.	

____	14.	C3, C4, and CAM plants differ from each other in
a.	that C3 plants use the Calvin cycle for carbon fixation and C4 and CAM plants use different pathways for carbon fixation.	
b.	that C3 plants have their stomata open during the day and C4 and CAM plants have their stomata open at night.	
c.	the initial product of carbon fixation.	
d.	that C3 plants use CO2 to form organic compounds and C4 and CAM plants use other sources of carbon.	

____	15.	ATP
a.	contains five phosphate groups.	
b.	is essential for a cell to perform all the tasks necessary for life.	
c.	is found only in bacteria.	
d.	All of the above	

____	16.	When glycolysis occurs,
a.	a molecule of glucose is split.	
b.	two molecules of pyruvate are made.	
c.	some ATP is produced.	
d.	All of the above	

____	17.	The name of the process that takes place when organic compounds are broken down in the absence of oxygen is
a.	respiration.	c.	fermentation.	
b.	oxidation.	d.	All of the above	

____	18.	If the formation of a standard amount of ATP requires 12 kcal of energy and the complete oxidation of glucose yields 686 kcal of energy, how efficient is glycolysis at extracting energy from glucose?
a.	1.7%	c.	7.0%	
b.	3.5%	d.	35%	

____	19.	Glycolysis and oxidative respiration are different in that
a.	glycolysis occurs on the cell membrane, while oxidative respiration occurs in mitochondria.	
b.	glycolysis occurs only in photosynthesis, while oxidative respiration is part of cellular respiration.	
c.	glycolysis occurs in the absence of oxygen, while oxidative respiration requires oxygen.	
d.	Both of these terms are different names for the same process.	

____	20.	Which of the following is not part of cellular respiration?
a.	electron transport	c.	Krebs cycle	
b.	glycolysis	d.	Calvin cycle	

____	21.	ATP molecules produced during aerobic cellular respiration
a.	remain in the mitochondria in which they are formed.	
b.	are stored in chloroplasts of the same cell in which they are formed.	
c.	enter the cell’s cytoplasm through the membranes of the mitochondria in which they are formed.	
d.	are distributed by the bloodstream to all cells in the body.	

C6 H12O6 + 6O2 + ADP + P ¬ 6CO2 + 6 H2O + MOLECULE A

____	22.	The process shown in the equation above begins in the cytoplasm of a cell and ends in the
a.	cytoplasm.	c.	endoplasmic reticulum.	
b.	mitochondria.	d.	lysosome.	

____	23.	The molecule referred to as Molecule “A” in the equation above is
a.	NADPH.	c.	NADH.	
b.	ATP.	d.	ADP.	

____	24.	A protein disk that attaches two chromatids to each other in a chromosome is called a(n)
a.	chloroplast.	c.	gamete.	
b.	centromere.	d.	centriole.	

____	25.	Which of the following is not a true difference between the chromosomes of eukaryotes and those of prokaryotes?
a.	Eukaryotic chromosomes are linear, while those of prokaryotes are circular.	
b.	Eukaryotic chromosomes are associated with histones, while those of prokaryotes are not.	
c.	Eukaryotes usually have more than one chromosome, while prokaryotes have only one chromosome.	
d.	Eukaryotic chromosomes contain DNA, while prokaryotic chromosomes contain a different form of genetic material.	

____	26.	The chromosomes in your body
a.	exist in 23 pairs.	
b.	each contain thousands of genes.	
c.	are about 40 percent DNA and 60 percent protein.	
d.	All of the above	

____	27.	The chromosome of a bacterium
a.	is wrapped around proteins.	
b.	has a circular shape.	
c.	occurs in multiple pairs within the cell.	
d.	is found within the nucleus.	

____	28.	The stage of the cell cycle that occupies most of the cell’s life is
a.	G1.	c.	G2.	
b.	M.	d.	S.	

____	29.	metaphase : prophase ::
a.	photon : light particle	c.	thylakoid : grana	
b.	G2 : S	d.	carbon fixation process : Calvin cycle	

____	30.	The phase of mitosis that is characterized by the arrangement of all chromosomes along the equator of the cell is called
a.	telophase.	c.	anaphase.	
b.	metaphase.	d.	prophase.	

____	31.	A spindle fiber is a specialized form of
a.	microtubule.	c.	cilium.	
b.	flagellum.	d.	chromosome.	

____	32.	Refer to the illustration above. The cell shown in diagram “5” is in
a.	metaphase.	c.	anaphase.	
b.	telophase.	d.	prophase.	

____	33.	A typical human cell contains 46 chromosomes. After mitosis and cell division, each of the two new cells formed from the original cell
a.	gets 23 chromosomes.	
b.	grows new chromosomes from existing DNA.	
c.	gets a complete set of 46 chromosomes.	
d.	None of the above	

____	34.	Refer to the illustration above. Which of the following correctly indicates the order in which these events occur?
a.	“A,” “B,” “C,” “D”	c.	“B,” “A,” “C,” “D”	
b.	“C,” “B,” “A,” “D”	d.	“A,” “C,” “B,” “D”	

____	35.	Refer to the illustration above. During which stage do the centromeres divide?
a.	“A”	c.	“C”	
b.	“B”	d.	“D”	

Diagrams A and B show cells from an organism with a diploid chromosome number of 4.

____	36.	Refer to the illustration above. Which of the cells will be a diploid cell at the completion of division?
a.	“A”	c.	Both	
b.	“B”	d.	Neither	

____	37.	The scientific study of heredity is called
a.	meiosis.	c.	genetics.	
b.	crossing-over.	d.	pollination.	

____	38.	What is the probability that the offspring of a homozygous dominant individual and a homozygous recessive individual will exhibit the dominant phenotype?
a.	0.25	c.	0.66	
b.	0.5	d.	1.0	

____	39.	The first filial (F1) generation is the result of
a.	cross-pollination among parents and the next generation.	
b.	crosses between individuals of the parental generation.	
c.	crosses between the offspring of a parental cross.	
d.	self-fertilization between parental stock.	

____	40.	Which of the following is the designation for Mendel’s original pure strains of plants?
a.	P	c.	F1	
b.	P1	d.	F2	

____	41.	F2 : F1 ::
a.	P : F1	c.	F1 : P	
b.	F1 : F2	d.	dominant trait : recessive trait	

____	42.	The passing of traits from parents to offspring is called
a.	genetics.	c.	development.	
b.	heredity.	d.	maturation.	

____	43.	A genetic trait that appears in every generation of offspring is called
a.	dominant.	c.	recessive.	
b.	phenotypic.	d.	superior.	

____	44.	Mendel’s finding that the inheritance of one trait had no effect on the inheritance of another became known as the
a.	law of dominance.	c.	law of separate convenience.	
b.	law of universal inheritance.	d.	law of independent assortment.	

____	45.	A trait that occurs in 450 individuals out of a total of 1,800 individuals occurs with a probability of
a.	0.04.	c.	0.50.	
b.	0.25.	d.	0.75.	

____	46.	Refer to the illustration above. The genotype represented by the cell labeled “2” is
a.	GgIi.	c.	GI.	
b.	GGIi.	d.	Gi.	

In rabbits, black fur (B) is dominant to brown fur (b). Consider the following cross between two rabbits.

____	47.	Refer to the illustration above. Both of the parents in the cross are
a.	black.	c.	homozygous dominant.	
b.	brown.	d.	homozygous recessive.	

____	48.	What is the expected genotypic ratio resulting from a homozygous dominant ´ heterozygous monohybrid cross?
a.	1:0	c.	1:2:1	
b.	1:1	d.	1:3:1	

____	49.	What fraction of the offspring resulting from a heterozygous ´ heterozygous dihybrid cross are homozygous recessive for both traits?
a.	9/16	c.	3/16	
b.	1/4	d.	1/16	

____	50.	An organism that has inherited two of the same alleles of a gene from its parents is called
a.	hereditary.	c.	homozygous.	
b.	heterozygous.	d.	a mutation.	

____	51.	In pea plants, yellow seeds are dominant over green seeds. What would be the expected genotype ratio in a cross between a plant with green seeds and a plant that is heterozygous for seed color?
a.	1:3	c.	4:1	
b.	1:2:1	d.	1:1	

____	52.	A cross of two individuals for a single contrasting trait is called
a.	monohybrid.	c.	dominant.	
b.	dihybrid.	d.	codominant.	

____	53.	A mutation caused by a piece of DNA breaking away from its chromosome and becoming attached to a nonhomologous chromosome is called
a.	deletion.	c.	inversion.	
b.	duplication.	d.	translocation.	

____	54.	The effects of a mutation can be
a.	helpful.	c.	neutral.	
b.	harmful.	d.	All of the above	

____	55.	A diagram in which several generations of a family and the occurrence of certain genetic characteristics are shown is called a
a.	Punnett square.	c.	pedigree.	
b.	monohybrid cross.	d.	family karyotype.	

____	56.	Which of the following traits is controlled by multiple alleles in humans?
a.	sickle cell anemia	c.	hemophilia	
b.	blood type	d.	pattern baldness	

____	57.	Genetic counseling is a process that
a.	helps identify parents at risk for having children with genetic defects.	
b.	assists parents in deciding whether or not to have children.	
c.	uses a family pedigree.	
d.	All of the above	

____	58.	While studying several generations of a particular family, a geneticist observed that a certain disease was found equally in males and females and that all children who had the disease had parents who also had the disease. The gene coding for this disease is probably
a.	sex-linked recessive.	c.	autosomal recessive.	
b.	sex-linked dominant.	d.	autosomal dominant.	

____	59.	If a characteristic is sex-linked, it
a.	occurs most commonly in males.	c.	can never occur in females.	
b.	occurs only in females.	d.	is always fatal.	

____	60.	Since the allele for colorblindness is located on the X chromosome, colorblindness
a.	cannot be inherited.	c.	is sex-linked.	
b.	occurs only in adults.	d.	None of the above	

Essay

	61.	Why do the cells of plant roots generally lack chloroplasts? Write your answer in the space below.

	62.	Explain why the leaves of plants appear green to the human eye. Write your answer in the space below.

	63.	Describe the law of independent assortment. Write your answer in the space below.

	64.	Discuss the inheritance pattern that would be seen in a pedigree designed to study a recessive sex-linked trait. Write your answer in the space below.

	65.	In humans, colorblindness is a recessive, sex-linked trait. What is the likelihood that the children of a woman heterozygous for colorblindness and a man with normal color vision will be colorblind? Explain your answer. Write your answer in the space below.

Biology H Benchmark II Review
Answer Section

MULTIPLE CHOICE

	1.	ANS:	D

	2.	ANS:	C

	3.	ANS:	C

	4.	ANS:	B
(provides energy for)

	5.	ANS:	D
(requires)

	6.	ANS:	C

	7.	ANS:	A

	8.	ANS:	D

	9.	ANS:	A

	10.	ANS:	D

	11.	ANS:	D

	12.	ANS:	B

	13.	ANS:	D

	14.	ANS:	C

	15.	ANS:	B

	16.	ANS:	D

	17.	ANS:	C

	18.	ANS:	B

	19.	ANS:	C

	20.	ANS:	D

	21.	ANS:	C

	22.	ANS:	B

	23.	ANS:	B

	24.	ANS:	B

	25.	ANS:	D

	26.	ANS:	D

	27.	ANS:	B

	28.	ANS:	A

	29.	ANS:	B
(follows)

	30.	ANS:	B

	31.	ANS:	A

	32.	ANS:	B

	33.	ANS:	C

	34.	ANS:	C

	35.	ANS:	A

	36.	ANS:	A

	37.	ANS:	C

	38.	ANS:	D

	39.	ANS:	B

	40.	ANS:	A

	41.	ANS:	C
(is produced by)

	42.	ANS:	B

	43.	ANS:	A

	44.	ANS:	D

	45.	ANS:	B

	46.	ANS:	B

	47.	ANS:	A

	48.	ANS:	B

	49.	ANS:	D

	50.	ANS:	C

	51.	ANS:	D

	52.	ANS:	A

	53.	ANS:	D

	54.	ANS:	D

	55.	ANS:	C

	56.	ANS:	B

	57.	ANS:	D

	58.	ANS:	D

	59.	ANS:	A

	60.	ANS:	C

ESSAY

	61.	ANS:	
Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, the pigment that absorbs sunlight. Since most roots are underground, they have no need for chlorophyll or chloroplasts.

	62.	ANS:	
When photons of visible light strike the leaves of a plant, red and blue wavelengths are absorbed by chlorophyll. Green wavelengths, however, are reflected. These reflected photons enter the eyes of the observer, stimulating receptor cells in the eye that can respond to these wavelengths. The observer perceives the leaves as being green.

	63.	ANS:	
From his work on pea plants, Mendel concluded that factors for different characteristics are not connected. He stated the principle of independent assortment: Factors for different characteristics are distributed to reproductive cells independently.

	64.	ANS:	
Sex-linked traits are carried on the X chromosome. As a result, recessive sex-linked traits are rarely seen in a female, unless she is the offspring of an affected male and a female who is a carrier or is affected. Males born to a female who is either a carrier or affected may inherit the sex-linked allele. If the female is affected, both of her X chromosomes will carry the allele under study and male offspring will inherit it. If she is a carrier, only one of her X chromosomes will carry the sex-linked allele and male offspring will have a 50-50 chance of inheriting this allele. Because males have only one X chromosome, they do not have a dominant allele to counteract the effect of the sex-linked allele.

	65.	ANS:	
Since all the female offspring receive the normal allele for vision from the father, all female offspring will have normal color vision, although half of them will receive the recessive allele from the mother and thus be carriers. Since all of the male offspring receive the Y chromosome from the father, it is the X chromosome they receive from the mother that will determine whether or not they are colorblind. Since the mother is heterozygous, male offspring will have a 50 percent chance of being colorblind.